Discovering the Middle East: A Journey Through Culture, History and Modern Life
The Middle East is one of those regions that captures the imagination like few others. Stretching from the deserts of Arabia to the shores of the Mediterranean, it’s a place where ancient civilisations first rose, where faiths and traditions were born, and where modern skylines now stand side by side with centuries-old bazaars. For travellers, it’s a region of contrasts: you might be wandering through the ruins of Petra one day, then sipping coffee in a slick Dubai café the next.
What makes the Middle East so compelling is its diversity. Each nation has its own story to tell — Egypt with its timeless pyramids, Jordan with its otherworldly landscapes, Lebanon’s legendary nightlife, or Oman’s wild coastlines. Beyond the well-known icons, there are quieter treasures: mountain villages, remote deserts, spice markets, and food traditions that change from one border to the next.
This guide explores the Middle East through its countries, cultures, and travel highlights — giving you a sense of what to expect, where to go, and how to make the most of your journey through this endlessly fascinating part of the world.
Egypt
Sailing down the Nile at sunset, past palm-fringed villages and golden temples glowing in the light, you realise Egypt is far more than just its pyramids. This is a land where history feels alive, from the Great Sphinx standing guard in Giza to the hieroglyphs carved deep inside the Valley of the Kings.
The magic of Egypt unfolds in layers. In Cairo, the capital buzzes with life — traffic, markets, ancient mosques — while in Aswan, the slower rhythm of Nubian culture welcomes travellers with colourful houses and riverside cafés. To the west, Siwa Oasis offers a remote desert retreat with salt lakes and hot springs, while Alexandria mixes Mediterranean breezes with echoes of its Hellenistic past. Each stop shows a different side of the country, making an Egypt itinerary feel like several trips in one.
Then there’s the coast. The Red Sea is home to some of the best diving and snorkelling in the world, where coral gardens, reef sharks and schools of tropical fish thrive. From the shipwrecks of Sharm El-Sheikh to the laid-back beaches of Dahab, Egypt’s underwater world is as captivating as its monuments.
Food is another way to connect with the country. A steaming bowl of koshari — lentils, pasta and rice topped with spicy tomato sauce and fried onions — is Egypt’s ultimate comfort dish, while street-side falafel or fresh mint tea are simple pleasures that travellers quickly fall in love with.
Travel tips: Egypt can be intense, but it’s rewarding. Plan at least a week to balance history with coastal downtime. The best time to visit is October to April, when the heat is more manageable. Dress modestly with loose, breathable fabrics, especially at religious sites. Hiring a local guide adds depth to the ruins and helps navigate the hustle of Cairo. Early mornings or late afternoons are ideal for visiting major sites, avoiding both crowds and midday heat. And if you’re keen on photography, check the rules — some temples don’t allow tripods inside.
Must-Do Experiences
Watch the sunrise from a hot-air balloon over Luxor’s temples
Explore the Great Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx up close
Take a Nile cruise from Luxor to Aswan, stopping at ancient temples along the way
Snorkel or dive in the Red Sea’s coral reefs around Sharm El-Sheikh or Dahab
Visit Siwa Oasis for salt lakes, hot springs and desert landscapes
Pyramids of Giza.
Jordan
If there’s one country that encapsulates the romance of the Middle East, it’s Jordan. This is the land of ancient trade routes, red desert landscapes, and a hospitality culture that feels timeless. Travellers often come here for Petra — the legendary “Rose City” carved into sandstone cliffs — but quickly discover that Jordan’s charm goes far beyond its most famous icon.
In the south, Wadi Rum’s dramatic desert scenery looks more like Mars than Earth, with sheer rock formations and shifting sands. Spending a night in a Bedouin camp, watching the stars stretch endlessly across the sky, is one of those experiences that defines a trip here. To the west, the Dead Sea offers the surreal sensation of floating effortlessly on its salty waters, while the capital Amman blends Roman ruins with buzzing cafés and souks.
Jordan is also surprisingly green in parts. The lush valleys of the Dana Biosphere Reserve are perfect for hiking, and Aqaba, on the Red Sea, is a relaxed spot for snorkelling and diving — a side of Jordan that many visitors overlook.
Food here is every bit as memorable as the landscapes. Sharing platters of mezze — creamy hummus, smoky baba ghanoush, fresh tabbouleh — is part of daily life. Mansaf, the national dish of lamb cooked with rice and fermented yoghurt, is a true taste of Bedouin tradition, while sweet knafeh, a cheese pastry soaked in syrup, makes the perfect ending to any meal.
Travel tips: Jordan is welcoming and safe, with tourism being a key part of the economy. The Jordan Pass is worth investing in — it covers entry to major sites including Petra and saves on visa fees. Spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) are the best times to visit, with comfortable temperatures for exploring. Dress modestly, particularly outside of Amman, and be prepared for Petra’s size — it’s a full-day (or two-day) adventure, so wear good walking shoes and bring water.
Must-Do Experiences
Explore Petra’s Treasury at dawn before the crowds arrive
Camp overnight under the stars in Wadi Rum with Bedouin hosts
Float in the salty waters of the Dead Sea
Wander Amman’s Roman Theatre and citadel
Hike the trails of Dana Biosphere Reserve
Relax by the Red Sea in Aqaba, snorkelling or diving its reefs
Petra.
United Arab Emirates
The UAE is where tradition and ambition collide. On one hand, you have futuristic skylines like Dubai, with the Burj Khalifa piercing the sky and malls that feel more like entertainment worlds than shopping centres. On the other, you’ll find quiet desert dunes, centuries-old forts, and the call to prayer echoing from neighbourhood mosques. Travelling here means bouncing between the ultra-modern and the deeply traditional — and that contrast is what makes the Emirates so fascinating.
Dubai grabs most of the attention, thanks to its skyscrapers, luxury hotels, and desert adventures. But there’s more to the country than one city. Abu Dhabi is home to the spectacular Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque and cultural landmarks like the Louvre Abu Dhabi. Head to Al Ain for oases and ancient forts, or Fujairah for dramatic mountains and a quieter stretch of coastline on the Gulf of Oman. The desert is always close by, and spending a night in a tented camp beneath the stars shows you a side of the country that skyscrapers can’t.
Food reflects the UAE’s mix of cultures. Emirati dishes like machboos (spiced rice with meat or fish) and luqaimat (sweet dumplings drizzled with date syrup) sit alongside a dizzying array of global cuisines brought in by the country’s diverse population. Dubai in particular is a playground for food lovers, from street shawarma to Michelin-starred restaurants.
Travel tips: The UAE is one of the easiest Middle Eastern destinations for travellers, with excellent infrastructure and English widely spoken. The cooler months, from November to March, are the best time to visit. Dress codes are relaxed in big cities, but modest clothing is still appreciated, especially in mosques or rural areas. Public transport is good in Dubai, though taxis and ride-hailing apps are common throughout the Emirates. Remember that alcohol is restricted — it’s available in licensed hotels and bars, but public drinking is not allowed.
Must-Do Experiences
Take in the views from the Burj Khalifa in Dubai
Visit the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi
Wander through Dubai’s old souks and take an abra (boat) across the creek
Go dune bashing or try sandboarding in the desert
Explore Al Ain’s UNESCO-listed oasis and forts
Relax on Fujairah’s beaches and snorkel the Gulf of Oman
Dubai.
Oman
Oman is one of the Middle East’s best-kept secrets. Unlike its flashy neighbours, this is a country that has stayed true to its traditions while quietly welcoming travellers. From rugged mountains and deep wadis to historic forts and endless stretches of coastline, Oman offers an authentic slice of Arabia with a warm, unhurried pace.
Muscat, the capital, is a charming starting point, framed by mountains and sea. Its whitewashed mosques, bustling Mutrah Souq, and the Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque showcase the country’s heritage. Beyond the city, Oman’s landscapes steal the show. The Hajar Mountains are perfect for hiking and village-hopping, while the Wahiba Sands stretch endlessly, dotted with Bedouin camps where travellers can spend the night under desert skies. Coastal highlights include the turtle nesting grounds at Ras al Jinz and the dramatic cliffs and beaches of the Musandam Peninsula.
One of Oman’s most rewarding experiences is discovering its wadis — lush valleys where freshwater pools glisten beneath palm trees. Wadi Shab and Wadi Bani Khalid are two of the most popular, offering a refreshing dip after a hot day of exploring.
Food in Oman is hearty and spiced with flavours of the Indian Ocean trade routes. Shuwa, slow-cooked lamb marinated with spices and buried underground to cook for hours, is a festival favourite. Fresh seafood is everywhere along the coast, and dates with kahwa (cardamom coffee) are a daily ritual of hospitality.
Travel tips: Oman is safe, friendly, and ideal for road trips — renting a car gives the freedom to explore mountains, wadis, and coastlines at your own pace. The best time to visit is between October and April, when temperatures are cooler. Dress modestly, especially in rural areas, and note that alcohol is available only in licensed hotels and restaurants. Distances can be longer than they look on the map, so allow extra time for drives through mountainous areas.
Must-Do Experiences
Wander through Muscat’s Mutrah Souq and visit the Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque
Camp overnight in the Wahiba Sands desert
Hike and swim in Wadi Shab or Wadi Bani Khalid
Watch green turtles nesting at Ras al Jinz
Take in the dramatic fjord-like scenery of the Musandam Peninsula
Road trip through the Hajar Mountains, stopping at traditional villages and forts
Muscat.
Lebanon
Lebanon might be small, but it offers an incredible mix of culture, history, and natural beauty. From ancient Roman ruins to lively mountain villages and the buzz of Beirut, this is a country that blends old and new in surprising ways. Despite its challenges, Lebanon continues to capture travellers’ imaginations with its energy, hospitality, and sheer variety packed into such a compact space.
Beirut is the beating heart of the country — a city known for its resilience, nightlife, and food. You can spend the morning exploring the National Museum’s ancient treasures, then dive into a waterfront café or rooftop bar by evening. Beyond the capital, Baalbek’s Roman temples are among the most impressive in the world, standing tall as a reminder of Lebanon’s historic importance.
Nature lovers will find plenty to explore too. The Chouf Mountains are home to cedar forests and traditional villages, while the Qadisha Valley offers dramatic hiking routes through UNESCO-listed landscapes. Along the coast, Byblos is one of the world’s oldest continuously inhabited cities, mixing history with relaxed harbour charm.
Lebanese cuisine is legendary, and sampling it is a highlight in itself. Mezze spreads loaded with hummus, fattoush, tabbouleh, and stuffed vine leaves set the stage for mains like grilled kebabs or kibbeh. And of course, no trip is complete without trying fresh manousheh (flatbread with za’atar) or ending the day with baklava and strong Arabic coffee.
Travel tips: Lebanon is compact, so day trips from Beirut make exploring easy. Public transport is limited, so hiring a driver or joining tours is often the simplest way to get around. Spring and autumn bring the best weather, while summer is hot but lively with festivals. Be mindful of current travel advisories and check local conditions before planning your trip.
Must-Do Experiences
Explore the Roman ruins of Baalbek
Stroll through the ancient harbour city of Byblos
Hike in the Qadisha Valley or visit the cedar forests of the Chouf Mountains
Enjoy Beirut’s nightlife and café culture
Feast on a traditional Lebanese mezze spread
Visit Jeita Grotto, a stunning cave system just outside Beirut
Byblos.
Saudi Arabia
Long seen as a destination closed to most travellers, Saudi Arabia is now opening its doors to the world. With ancient sites, futuristic mega-projects, and vast natural landscapes, it’s quickly becoming one of the Middle East’s most intriguing destinations. Travelling here offers a glimpse into both the deep traditions of Arabian culture and the country’s bold vision for the future.
The ancient city of AlUla is perhaps the crown jewel — home to Hegra, a UNESCO World Heritage Site with Nabatean tombs carved into sandstone cliffs that rival Petra for drama. Riyadh, the capital, is a blend of modern towers and traditional souks, while Jeddah, on the Red Sea, mixes historic coral-stone architecture with a lively art scene and waterfront promenades.
Beyond the cities, Saudi Arabia’s landscapes are surprisingly diverse. The Empty Quarter (Rub’ al Khali) is the largest sand desert in the world, stretching into the horizon in golden waves, while the Asir Mountains in the southwest are green and cool, offering a completely different side of the country. Red Sea diving is also world-class, with untouched reefs that few travellers have experienced.
Food plays a central role in Saudi hospitality. Kabsa, a spiced rice dish with lamb or chicken, is the national staple, while dates and Arabic coffee are offered everywhere as a welcoming gesture. In coastal towns, fresh seafood is plentiful, adding to the country’s culinary variety.
Travel tips: Saudi Arabia now offers e-visas for many nationalities, making travel much easier than before. The best time to visit is between October and March, when temperatures are cooler. Dress modestly — both men and women should cover shoulders and knees, and women are expected to wear long, loose clothing in public. Alcohol is strictly prohibited. Transport infrastructure is improving rapidly, but distances are vast, so internal flights are often the best option for covering ground.
Must-Do Experiences
Explore the Nabatean tombs at Hegra in AlUla
Wander Riyadh’s souks and visit the National Museum
Discover Jeddah’s historic Al-Balad district
Camp under the stars in the Rub’ al Khali desert
Dive or snorkel the pristine reefs of the Red Sea
Road trip through the Asir Mountains for cool air and traditional villages
Wadi Sharma.
Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait
While smaller than their neighbours, Qatar, Bahrain, and Kuwait each offer distinct experiences that showcase the diversity of the Gulf. Travellers often pass through them on business or short stopovers, but spending a little more time reveals culture, history, and hospitality beyond the glossy skylines.
Qatar is the rising star, with Doha quickly becoming a hub for art, architecture, and sport. The city’s waterfront Corniche offers views of its futuristic skyline, while the Museum of Islamic Art and the National Museum of Qatar are world-class. Traditional life is never far away, though — Souq Waqif is perfect for wandering, dining, and people-watching. For outdoor adventure, the desert just beyond Doha is great for dune bashing or camping.
Bahrain mixes heritage with modern flair. Its history stretches back thousands of years, with sites like the Bahrain Fort and ancient burial mounds offering glimpses of the past. Manama, the capital, is lively with markets, mosques, and restaurants. Bahrain also has a reputation for being one of the more liberal Gulf states, with a buzzing dining and nightlife scene.
Kuwait remains under the radar for most travellers, but it has its own appeal. Kuwait City blends gleaming skyscrapers with souks and a striking seafront. The Kuwait Towers are the city’s most famous landmark, and the country’s museums — like the Tareq Rajab Museum — showcase Islamic art and history. For a slower pace, the seaside corniches are ideal for evening strolls.
Food across these countries is a mix of traditional Gulf flavours and international influences. Expect plenty of rice and meat dishes like machboos, fresh seafood, and sweets like luqaimat or halwa. In Bahrain, cafés and restaurants reflect its cosmopolitan vibe, while Doha’s dining scene is among the most diverse in the region.
Travel tips: These countries are easy to navigate for visitors, with English widely spoken and good infrastructure. The cooler months, from November to March, are the best time to visit. Dress modestly, especially outside big hotels or expat areas, and remember that alcohol is restricted — available in licensed venues in Bahrain and Qatar, but prohibited in Kuwait. Stopovers are common, but a two- or three-day stay allows you to experience more than just the airport.
Must-Do Experiences
In Qatar, visit the Museum of Islamic Art and shop at Souq Waqif
Take a desert safari or dune bashing trip outside Doha
In Bahrain, explore the UNESCO-listed Bahrain Fort and wander Manama’s souks
Visit the Bahrain National Museum to learn about the island’s history
In Kuwait, see the iconic Kuwait Towers and stroll along the seafront corniche
Browse traditional crafts and spices in Kuwait City’s souks
Doha.
Experiences You Can’t Miss in the Middle East
With so many countries offering their own unique stories, the Middle East can feel overwhelming at first glance. But certain experiences cut across borders — moments that truly define a trip through the region. From ancient history to natural wonders and unforgettable meals, these are the kinds of highlights that linger long after you’ve flown home.
Ancient History and Archaeology
This is the cradle of civilisation, and history is everywhere. Wander among the Pyramids in Egypt, stand in awe at Petra’s Treasury in Jordan, or marvel at the Roman ruins of Baalbek in Lebanon. Even in ultra-modern Gulf cities, traditional forts and old quarters keep the past alive.
Natural Landscapes and Adventure
The Middle East isn’t all desert — though sleeping under the stars in Wadi Rum or Saudi’s Rub’ al Khali is unforgettable. You’ll also find dramatic mountains in Oman, coral reefs in the Red Sea, lush valleys in Jordan, and cedar forests in Lebanon. Adventure here can mean hiking, diving, dune bashing, or simply road tripping across landscapes that feel straight out of a film set.
Modern Cities and Skylines
Dubai’s Burj Khalifa, Doha’s futuristic skyline, and Riyadh’s ambitious mega-projects show the region’s modern side. These cities combine global dining, luxury hotels, and cutting-edge design, while still holding onto traditions in souks, mosques, and neighbourhood cafés.
Food and Culinary Traditions
Middle Eastern cuisine is reason enough to travel here. Mezze spreads, shawarma, koshari, kabsa, manousheh, and endless varieties of bread and sweets are part of daily life. Coffee and tea rituals bring people together, and food is often shared — a reflection of the hospitality you’ll find everywhere.
Travel Tips and Good to Know
Travelling the Middle East is an incredibly rewarding experience, but it comes with its own rhythms, customs, and practicalities. A little preparation goes a long way in making your trip smooth, respectful, and enjoyable.
Best time to visit: In general, October to April offers the most comfortable weather, with cooler days and pleasant evenings. Summers can be extremely hot, especially in the Gulf, though higher altitudes in places like Lebanon’s mountains stay cooler.
Visas and entry requirements: Many countries now offer e-visas or visas on arrival, but requirements vary widely. Check official government websites before travelling, and consider multi-entry visas if you plan to cross borders.
Cultural etiquette: Modesty is appreciated across the region, particularly in rural areas and religious sites. Loose, breathable clothing works well in the heat and keeps you respectful of local customs. Always remove shoes before entering mosques, and be mindful of prayer times when planning visits.
Getting around: Public transport ranges from excellent metros in Dubai to shared taxis and minibuses in more rural areas. Renting a car can be the best way to explore Oman, Jordan, or Lebanon, but in larger cities ride-hailing apps are convenient and affordable. Distances can be long, so allow travel days if moving between countries.
Safety and awareness: Most destinations in the Middle East are safe for travellers, with tourism playing an important role in the economy. That said, always check current travel advisories, and stay updated on local news. Petty crime is relatively low, but as with anywhere, keep an eye on belongings in busy markets.
Money and costs: Cash is widely used, though cards are accepted in larger cities. ATMs are common, but carrying some local currency for taxis and markets is a good idea. Prices vary — the Gulf states lean toward luxury, while Jordan, Egypt, and Lebanon offer excellent value for money.
Hospitality and language: Hospitality is central to Middle Eastern culture, and travellers are often warmly welcomed. Arabic is the main language across the region, though English is widely spoken in major cities and tourist areas. Learning a few words of Arabic — even just “shukran” (thank you) — goes a long way.
“Discovering the Middle East is like travelling through time and across worlds all at once. One day you’re gazing at pyramids built thousands of years ago, the next you’re sipping coffee in a sleek skyscraper café or stargazing in the desert. The contrasts are what make the region so compelling — ancient ruins and futuristic skylines, rugged mountains and endless seas of sand, street food stalls and fine dining restaurants.
What truly sets the Middle East apart, though, is its people. Hospitality here is woven into daily life, from being offered dates and coffee by strangers to sharing a plate of mezze with new friends. Each country has its own rhythm and traditions, but everywhere you’ll find a warmth that makes you feel welcome, even in places that feel far from home.
For travellers, the Middle East is both a challenge and a reward. It invites curiosity, encourages openness, and promises experiences that stick with you long after the journey ends. Whether you come for the history, the landscapes, the food, or the chance to see a region balancing heritage and modern life, one thing is certain: the Middle East has a way of surprising, inspiring, and staying with you.”
